Testosterone: The Need-To-Know

When it comes to testosterone, many people make broad claims that more body or facial hair and a high sexual drive automatically indicate higher testosterone levels and masculinity. However, this is not always the case, and the situation is a little bit more complex.

The Basics

Testosterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics and reproductive functions. It belongs to a class of hormones known as androgens. While it is primarily produced in the testes in males, smaller amounts are also produced in the adrenal glands.

Testosterone is responsible for a wide range of physiological functions in males, and it exists in various forms that have different effects on the body. Total testosterone gets broken down into several key components, each playing a distinct role:

1. Free Testosterone and IGF-1: Primarily involved in anabolic effects, which are related to the growth and maintenance of muscle mass, bone density, and overall body composition. These elements support tissue growth, repair, and contribute to physical strength and vitality.

   
   

2. DHT (Dihydrotestosterone): Primarily associated with androgenic effects, such as the development of secondary sexual characteristics. This includes the growth of facial and body hair, deepening of the voice, and other male traits.

   
   

3. LH and FSH (Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone): Mainly involved in reproductive functions, including the regulation of sperm production (spermatogenesis) and supporting male fertility. These hormones also influence sexual desire (libido) and erectile function.

   
   

It also plays a significant role in psychological functions as does all hormones, primarily affecting mood, energy, and overall sense of well-being, with its strong connection to dopamine and motivation.

Manliness

DHT and free testosterone impact many of the androgenic and anabolic functions commonly associated with masculinity and the physical appearance of an adult man. However, genetics plays a big role, especially in bone structure, muscle bellies, fat distribution, and hair growth. Lower levels of DHT and free testosterone generally make someone physically weaker in performance and appearance compared to someone genetically similar with a similar lifestyle but who has healthy levels of both.

Excessive levels of DHT and free testosterone are not markers of true health or masculinity if they arise from chronic stress and elevated cortisol. High cortisol can suppress SHBG (Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin), leading to increased free testosterone and DHT, but this often reflects the body’s attempt to cope with excessive demands rather than a state of optimal health.

While SHBG is often overlooked, it plays a crucial role in regulating hormones and maintaining metabolic health. Healthy SHBG levels contribute to balanced testosterone, supporting both physical and mental resilience.

Conversely, stress-driven hormonal imbalances, including elevated DHT, can lead to:

• Inflammation

• Cardiovascular strain

• Long-term health challenges

These imbalances are often indicated by hair thinning and baldness, which reflect underlying stress rather than true masculinity, which is ultimately rooted in hormonal balance, not in stress-induced extremes.

The Detrimental Decline

While excessive testosterone levels can be detrimental, it’s also concerning that total testosterone levels in males have been declining across generations. This decline is likely influenced by multiple factors, but the modern lifestyle appears to be a major contributor. The advancements in industrialization and technology, especially in developed countries, have shifted the workforce from physical labor to sedentary office roles, limiting physical activity to a conscious choice. These changes have also altered our food, introducing synthetic processes and chemicals in production, packaging, and storage that our bodies struggle to process.

This has led to widespread health consequences, which not only impact individual vitality, fertility, and mental well-being but also reshape societal perceptions of masculinity, aging, and normalcy in life and relationships.

When these hormone levels are below their healthy ranges, it can lead to various physical and emotional symptoms, which may include:

1. Reduced Libido: A decrease in sex drive or a lack of interest in sexual activity.

2. Erectile Dysfunction: Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection during sexual activity.

3. Fatigue: Persistent feelings of tiredness, reduced energy levels, and a general sense of fatigue.

4. Decreased Muscle Mass and Strength: A decline in muscle mass and overall physical strength.

5. Increased Body Fat: An increase in body fat, particularly around the abdomen.

6. Decreased Bone Density: Weakened bones, potentially leading to conditions like osteoporosis.

7. Mood Changes: This can include symptoms like irritability, mood swings, or feelings of sadness or depression.

8. Difficulty Concentrating: Reduced mental clarity, focus, or problems with memory.

9. Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia, disrupted sleep patterns, or difficulty falling asleep.

10. Reduced Motivation: A decrease in motivation, drive, or a sense of purpose.

11. Infertility: Low testosterone levels can affect sperm production and fertility.

12. Decreased Facial and Body Hair Growth: A reduction in hair growth on the face and body.

13. Gynecomastia: The development of enlarged breast tissue in males.

    
    

It’s crucial to monitor and address hormone levels to maintain optimal health and well-being.

Getting Your Testosterone Levels Checked

Getting your testosterone or androgen profile tested typically involves a simple blood draw, but most doctors will only test for total testosterone and sometimes thyroid levels. In Australia, to get a full panel, you may need to request it, as it’s not automatically included due to extra costs and restricted government funding. A full panel usually includes the following but may vary depending on the clinic, pathology, and doctor:

• Total Testosterone: Refers to the overall amount of testosterone in the bloodstream, including both free and bound forms.

  • Healthy Range (Adult Males): Roughly 300 to 1000 nanograms per decilitre (ng/dL) or 10.41-34.7 nanomoles per litre (nmol/L).

    
    

• Bioavailable Testosterone: Represents the portion of testosterone that is both free and loosely bound to albumin and is readily available for use by cells.

  • Healthy Range (Adult Males): About 83 to 257 nanograms per decilitre (ng/dL).

    
    

• Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG): Is a protein that binds to sex hormones (testosterone, estradiol, & DHT), regulating their availability in the body.

  • Healthy Range (Adult Males): Typically, 10 to 50 nanomoles per litre (nmol/L).

    
    

• Free Testosterone: Is the portion of testosterone not bound to proteins in the blood and is available for use by the body's tissues.

  • Healthy Range (Adult Males): Approximately 5.0 to 21.0 picograms per millilitre (pg/mL).

    
    

• Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1): Is a hormone involved in cell growth and development.

  • Healthy Range (Adult Males): For adult males, it's around 116 to 358 nanograms per millilitre (ng/mL).

    
    

• Dihydrotestosterone (DHT): Is an androgen, derived from testosterone, that plays a role in male sexual development (Hair growth, deepening of the voice, penis growth, erections, etc).

  • Healthy Range (Adult Males): Approx 10% of your testosterone converts to DHT daily.

    
    

• Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Is a hormone that signals the testes to produce testosterone.

  • Healthy Range (Adult Males): Normally 1.24 to 7.8 international units per litre (IU/L).

    
    

• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Is a hormone that stimulates the production of sperm in the testes.

  • Healthy Range (Adult Males): Typically, 1.27 to 19.26 international units per litre (IU/L).

Conversion: 1 nanomoles per litre (nmol/L) is approximately 28.85 nanograms per millilitre (ng/mL).

The Mental Side of Testosterone

Testosterone and DHT play a crucial role in shaping mental health, mindset, and behavior, particularly regarding libido, drive, and aggression. However, the influence of these hormones is often misunderstood. Rather than creating new behaviors, higher testosterone levels amplify pre-existing tendencies. For instance, males with higher testosterone are more likely to pursue behaviors that align with the values and rewards of their social environment, often to maintain or improve their status within a hierarchy.

A crucial aspect of testosterone's psychological effects is its interaction with dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in the brain's reward system. Elevated levels of both testosterone and dopamine enhance the pleasure and satisfaction derived from setting and achieving goals. This makes hard work feel more rewarding and less draining, fostering a sense of purpose and resilience. However, this drive doesn’t equate to higher cognitive ability—it’s about energy and persistence, not intelligence or strategic thinking.

Despite testosterone's importance in male development, deeper psychological factors must be addressed. Social conditioning often imposes conflicting definitions of masculinity, creating confusion about what it means to "be a man." Modern males frequently grapple with these contradictory expectations, leading to insecurity, depression, and even suicidal tendencies. Many find themselves lost in the search for external validation or quick fixes to resolve internal conflicts.

The Negatives of "Quick Fixes"

This is especially important due to the growing trend of young males taking steroids or other performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs), that are often driven by a lack of attention from society and sexual partners. For many, this is an attempt to feel "man enough." While these substances may provide temporary confidence and physical benefits, extended use leads to a serious psychological downfall once the drugs are stopped.

1. Loss of Gains: The size, strength, and physical benefits achieved while using these substances will gradually diminish. For someone already self-conscious, this can worsen feelings of insecurity.

   
   

2. Psychological Strain: Without the elevated dopamine and testosterone levels provided by PEDs, individuals may struggle to find motivation, often leading to the pursuit of other quick-fix behaviors. This can create a cycle of addiction and frustration.

   
   

The mental and emotional toll of coming off PEDs is often not discussed but is significant. Individuals can experience feelings of unworthiness and helplessness, until their bodies naturally start producing testosterone again, which can take the same length of time that they were using if ever, which can drive them back into the cycle of PED use.

One of the reasons PED use has become so prevalent is the perception among many males today that physical and material success are the primary indicators of masculinity. While these traits are attractive to some partners, focusing solely on appearance without understanding the deeper purpose of achievements can lead to frustration and dissatisfaction in life and relationships. Too often, males focus on what attracts a female, but neglect what keeps a woman.

The Purpose of Natural Testosterone Decline

The natural decline in testosterone with age is part of a biological shift. As reproductive priorities decrease, the body reallocates resources to support longevity, community building, and the care of existing offspring. This shift emphasizes the need to embrace the changing phases of masculinity and adapt to new roles in life.

While I strongly advocate for natural methods to maintain testosterone levels—through exercise, proper nutrition, stress management, and quality sleep—there are cases where Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) may be appropriate. HRT is a medical intervention designed to restore testosterone levels to a healthy range (300-1000 ng/dL). It is particularly beneficial for older individuals with clinically low testosterone and the financial means to pursue it. However, this should only be considered under professional guidance due to the associated risks.

For those contemplating PEDs or synthetic steroids, it's essential to understand the dangers of elevating testosterone beyond natural limits. These include:

• Aggressive behavior

• Excessive body hair growth or hair loss

• Severe acne and sweating

• Overburdened internal organs, leading to potential long-term health complications, including premature death.

PED use will never solve the underlying problems people have.

Conclusion:

Healthy testosterone levels are essential for proper male development and the embodiment of masculinity. Imbalances—whether low or excessively high—can significantly impact relationships, careers, and family dynamics, extending far beyond physical health. These hormonal fluctuations can contribute to mental health challenges, such as depression and anxiety, which further affect these critical areas of life.

As a society, we must move beyond superficial definitions of masculinity that focus solely on physical strength or material success. True masculinity encompasses emotional maturity, psychological resilience, and a strong sense of purpose with a greater understanding of function. By fostering holistic growth in these areas, we can address the growing trend of depression, anxiety, and insecurity among males and redefine masculinity in a way that promotes a healthier, more fulfilling life.

I expand on this in What it Means to be a Man?